Research effects
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) is a central coenzyme in cellular energy metabolism and redox homeostasis, with its levels declining during aging—a process closely linked to age-related diseases. Studies show that NAD⁺ can directly improve senescent cell viability and reduce oxidative stress; in animal models, it enhances cognitive function (via promoting BDNF, SYN, and PSD-95 expression) and boosts immune defense against infection in aged organisms. However, direct NAD⁺ bioavailability remains challenging, with current strategies primarily relying on precursors (e.g., NR, NMN) or targeting NAD⁺-consuming enzymes like CD38. Emerging evidence also highlights the dual nature of NAD⁺ modulation, with potential risks of promoting established cancers, signaling a shift from "blind supplementation" toward "precision NAD⁺ modulation".
