Research effects
Thymosin Alpha-1 is a 28-amino-acid immunomodulatory peptide that activates Toll-like receptors TLR-2 and TLR-9, promoting T-cell differentiation/maturation and NK cell activity while enhancing IFN-γ and IL-2 secretion to boost both innate and adaptive immunity. Clinically, it is used for chronic hepatitis B and as a vaccine adjuvant in immunocompromised patients. In cancer immunotherapy, it synergizes with PD-1 inhibitors to improve efficacy and reduce adverse events. Notably, the TESTS trial showed no significant 28-day mortality reduction in sepsis (23.4% vs 24.1%), though subgroup analyses suggest potential benefits in patients ≥60 years or with diabetes, warranting further investigation.
